Examples Of Villainy In Macbeth - 811 Words

Villainy in Macbeth: (Unseen in-class Exam) Shakespeare’s eponymous tragedy Macbeth explores the social mores of a Jacobean society by exploring ambition and villainy in the Scottish monarchy. Macbeth’s demise is perceived as inevitable and a direct consequence of being an iconoclast of the Jacobean attitudes, values and beliefs. Violating existing principles including the Divine Right of Kings and the Great Chain of Being – his transgressions cause the audience to deny Macbeth of sympathy, thus receiving harsh judgement. Despite this, Macbeth conforms to the role of a tragic hero by showing valour towards his demise, however, such acts were not inspired by virtue, thus were not substantial enough to re-evaluate his character. The Divine†¦show more content†¦Supernatural forces are also addressed throughout the play and are greatly relevant to the Jacobean attitudes, values and beliefs. Fatalism was a key concept the playwright intertwined with supernatural forces to mould the Macbeth’s character. Witchcraft and consorting with unnatural forces at the time of the play were perceived as reprehensible acts deserving conviction. Foretold by the witches, Macbeth is told that he shall become King, and is enchanted by the prophecy as clear when Banquo refers to Macbeth while speaking with the witches, â€Å"My noble partner you greet†¦ he seems rapt withal.†(I.iii. 53-55). Throughout the play, Banquo is a metaphorical representative of Jacobean dogmas, and when Macbeth disregards his statement, â€Å"Live you or are you aught†¦That man may question?† (I.iii. 40-41), he essentially alienates himself from the audience. Additionally, Macbeth describes the witches as â€Å"à ¢â‚¬ ¦they have more in them than mortal knowledge.† (I.v. 2-3), and soon after seeks the witches once again, thus it is corroborated that Macbeth willingly consorts with deviant forces. Overshadowed with greed, and believing the prophecy results in the ultimate act of treason by Macbeth, and complete denial from the audience. Macbeth however is seen to evolve throughout the play in order to become the ultimate villain perceived by the audience. Initially, Macbeth is portrayed by the playwright to be a valiant hero, as evident in the beginning â€Å"For brave Macbeth – well he deserves thatShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Draft1040 Words   |  5 PagesStuart Wodzro Honours English 9, Block 2 Shakespeare Essay February 26, 2016 MacBeth Draft No. 3 The strive for power is a human impulse, perhaps even a primitive compulsion. And, in the case of human beings at least, the impulse is not restricted solely to the necessities of life. Beings are devoted to gaining raw power itself and, through it, they loses themselves. As one may know, the lust for power is a mode of selfishness, where at one attempts to gratify every passion, but alas pleonexiaRead MoreDepartment 19 Villains1170 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Essay English Through the study of the three texts; Department 19 by Will Hill, ‘Macbeth’ the play and The Social Network by David Fincher, it is evident that literary villains are archetypes that often represent the evil side of human nature. One may argue that each villain has certain traits that allow the reader to be drawn to the terror and horror of their deeds yet also allow readers to reflect upon the society that has created such individuals. Authors stray their villains from the stereotypeRead MoreMacbeth: Hero or Villain2592 Words   |  11 PagesMacbeth: Hero or Villain In this essay, I will be divulging into Macbeth written by William Shakespeare in 1603, to try and answer the question Was Macbeth a true hero or villain in the play?. Macbeth is a play of villainy, murder, deceit and oftenly described as a play fit for a king. In my personal opinion, the evidence from Shakespeares original text and Roland Polanskis video version strongly suggests that Macbeth was a true villain rather than a hero. AnRead MoreLady Macbeth Feminism Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagesclassic, 1606 play, Macbeth, as did director Sam Mendes in one of the iconic James Bond films, 2012, Skyfall. Through classic pieces of literature and modern day film, women are forced to compete in a never-ending game; to compete against being depicted as emotionally unstable and as disposable objects of pleasure. Through classic pieces of literature, women are continuously represented as emotionally unstable and insecure. Throughout most of literary history, Lady Macbeth – the scheming spouseRead MoreLiterary Scholarship And Criticism Of Shakespeare s The Invention Of The Human 1309 Words   |  6 Pagesexpress himself more vividly and memorably than anyone else in the language† (p. 7). J.J.M. Tobin’s three components of Shakespeare’s artistry will serve as the anchors for exploring how four of Shakespeare’s prominent tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear, demonstrate the faculty of Shakespeare’s expertise. Through the lens of Tobin’s analytical â€Å"ebullition† of Shakespeare’s work, this paper seeks to expand and qualify the magnetic aura that is Shakespeare; his ability to breath socialRead MoreMachiavelli ´s Principle in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesTHESIS STATEMENT Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, applies the Machiavellian principles of how princes should properly conduct themselves which is directly applied through Duncan, Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and Malcolm. PURPOSE STATMENT Through analytic research, this paper will examine, as well as, compare and contrast the Machiavellian principles to the characters in Macbeth. The focus will include the influence of his principles, how they affect the characters, behaviors, and if they fit the descriptionRead More The Absolute Evil of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay2029 Words   |  9 PagesThe Absolute Evil of Iago in Othello    What marks consummate villainy is the willingness to be absolutely evil-to have no qualms about being diabolical and no strains of human morality.   Because feeling for another leads one to experience guilt, even an iota of empathy is a character flaw that will lead to the downfall of a villain.   To succeed, the villain needs to emulate the character Iago in Othello, who consistently works his evil throughout the whole play and does not slip until the endRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1678 Words   |  7 Pageswas known, left a great legacy for humanity in the world of drama. Shakespeare’s masterpieces and tragedies such as Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet caused a remarkable turning point in English literature as whole, and English drama in particular.His play Othellois one of his unforgettable tragedies. The play of Othello is the finest example of Shakespeare’s poetic and narrative style. Thus, Shakespeare is known as the most influe ntial dramatist whose tragedies found the wayRead MoreTO WHAT EXTENT DOES SHAKESPEARE PRESENT MACBETH AS A VILLAIN?3966 Words   |  16 PagesEXTENT DOES SHAKESPEARE PRESENT MACBETH AS A VILLAIN? Shakespeare presents Macbeth more extensively as a villain using methods which would be more understood in the era the play was composed, which was the Jacobean period, but influenced by the reign of Elizabeth. During the Elizabethan period people were preoccupied with the supernatural, which is one of the main topics in Shakespeare’s play. In my opinion Shakespeare structures the play to make the audience see Macbeth transforming from a hero intoRead MoreEssay on Cyber-plagiarism1469 Words   |  6 Pagesat Bucknell, Dartmouth, and Yale. Terri Barbuto, secretary of the executive committee, Yales disciplinary body, insists, It really hasnt been a problem at Yale. My own sampling of student opinion suggests otherwise. One Yale student, for example, told me that, while researching an essay on Shakespeare, he inadvertently stumbled upon a term-paper site and, after asking around, realized that he wasnt the only student tempted by the ease of Internet plagiarism: Everyone was finding them and

Analyzing Biopsychological Disorders - 1522 Words

Analyzing Biopsychological Disorders Bonnie Montgomery Analyzing Biopsychological Disorders Part A Biopsychology is a biological approach to psychology. Historically, researchers believed that neuropsychological disorders were of the brain, and psychological disorders were of the mind. Now, psychologists understand that these distinctions do not exist. Biological approaches to psychological disorders direct psychologists to consider the active cause and effective treatments of major psychological disorders. These major psychological disorders include schizophrenia, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and Tourette syndrome (Pinel, 2009.) Schizophrenia is an arduous psychiatric disease. This disease is difficult to treat, and†¦show more content†¦A link between anxiety disorders and an imbalance in certain neurotransmitters may be present. The neurotransmitters that regulate anxiety such as noradrenaline, serotonin and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may contribute to anxiety disorders. The areas of the brain that are affected by anxiety disorder are the forebrain, limbic system, locus coeruleus, dorsal, hippocampus, and the amygdala. The forebrain is the most affected area of the brain in subjects with anxiety disorder. The limbic system is thought to affect the central role of processing anxiety-related information. Also, people with obsessive compulsive disorder often show increased brain activity within the basal nuclei (Lundbeck Institute, 2008.) The discovery that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can effectively treat anxiety disorders has led to the Serotonin Theory. The Serotonin theory indicate s that serotonin mediated neurotransmitters in the brain may be involved in anxiety disorders. The fact that some antidepressant agents relieve symptoms of both anxiety and depression disorders indicate that there may be a correlation between the two disorders. Information also indicates a correlation between genetic susceptibility in depression and anxiety disorders (Lundbeck Institute, 2008.) The side effects of antidepressants include nausea, insomnia, anxiety, decreased sex drive, sweating, tremors, diarrhea, fatigue,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Psy/240 Final Project: Analyzing Biopsychological Disorders1935 Words   |  8 PagesAnalyzing Psychological Disorders In an attempt to gain a position as a psychologist, I will be discussing schizophrenia and the disorder’s casual factors, associated symptoms, the areas of the brain it affects, and the neural basis of the disorder. I will continue on to discuss appropriate drug therapies. In addition I will also be reviewing two separate case studies, each on a different disorder. I will be examining each problem from the perspective of a bio psychologist. I will define theRead MoreUnderstanding Schizophrenia And Biopsychological Case Studies Of Anxiety And Drug Abuse1791 Words   |  8 Pages Analyzing Psychological Disorders: Understanding Schizophrenia and Biopsychological Case Studies of Anxiety and Drug Abuse Susan DeVoe University of Phoenix â€Æ' Analyzing Psychological Disorders: Understanding Schizophrenia and Biopsychological Case Studies of Anxiety and Drug Abuse Let us discuss and dive into the study of a disease called schizophrenia. We will be taking a look at its symptoms, its causes, the areas of the brain it affects, its neural basis, and the appropriate drug therapiesRead MoreSome Facts about Juvenile Delinquency Essay3326 Words   |  14 Pagesexclusive for those who commit criminal acts. Otherwise, those children, who misbehave, are diagnostic with a conduct disorder. The feature of juvenile’s delinquents are the same that abnormal behavior such as antisocial disorder and conduct disorder (Santrock, J. W. 2012). In other words, juvenile delinquency term is use only to talk about legal issue, while conduct and antisocial disorder is use to describe the same problem in psychological terms. Legally, juvenile delinquency’s criminal offenses is

Civil Disobedience in American History Essay Example For Students

Civil Disobedience in American History Essay Throughout American history, it is clear that many individuals have fought for justice in a society that has often denied it. We know this information from documents written by these individuals expressing their feelings on a certain subject. On the subject of human rights, two specific men have expanded their thoughts to make a difference. The very popular Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , whose main philosophy on civil disobedience revolved around nonviolence, wrote a Letter From Birmingham Jail to eight clergymen informing them of the situation in Birmingham, Alabama, in April of 1963. Henry David Thoreau, a 19th century individualist, wrote an essay called Civil Disobedience in which he explained his reasons for not paying taxes to a government that was involved in an unjust war with Mexico. Although these works were written for different causes, the two are similar in some ways. Both are similar in how they get the reader to see and feel what the writter sees and feels. Both men, King and Thoreau, used emotional appeal in their work. This was used to gain support from the reader by creating a feeling of sympathy to be felt by the reader. Dr. Kings most emotional section was his feelings on segregation. His feelings were based on how it was to be black living in a segregated environment. This was extremely important considering that he was directing his thoughts to the eight white clergymen. He started a paragraph referring to the impact of segregation as stinging darts. The following sentences gave examples of the segregation and what it put black people through. In one specific sentence, King used the image of you having to tell your young, innocent child that she cannot go to the amusement park simply because of the color of her skin. King wrote, when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in ger little eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored childrenand see her begin to distort her little personality by unconsciously developing a bitterness to white people Most people are more sensitive toward young children and hate to see their feelings hurt. Children are also a symbol of the future. Henry Thoreau also used emotional appeal in Civil Disobedience. During the time he wrote this piece, slavery was the biggest issue among Americans. He told about the injustice in having slavery in a civilized society. He repeatedly referred to slavery whenever he began to talk about the governments unjust laws. Many who believed in the abolition of slavery may have sided with Thoreau on some of his feelings about the government. His thoughts were appealing to many in the North or Abolitionists. In one section of his essay he wrote, When the majority shall at length vote for the abolition of slavery, it will be because they are indifferent to slavery, or because there is little slavery left to be abolished by their vote. One very common feature found in both the letter written by Dr. King and the essay by Thoreau was that prison played a role in their struggles. It is logical appeal to the reader to know that these men were real not phony. They truly believed in what they argued for. Both of these men were incarcerated for doing what they believed was right. Dr. King was locked up for protesting (nonviolently) and Thoreau was put in jail for not paying taxes to the government which he felt was unjust. Martin Luther King Jr. Alexander the Great Essay decided to spend his time in jail writing his letter to the clergymen for support. The fact that he was prison showed the men that a fellow clergyman did in fact need help in Birmingham, Alabama. Henry Thoreau deeply anylized his one night experience. He gave the feeling of total seclusion from the world when describing his jail cell. He spoke of the walls and door being solid stone and a few feet thick. He felt that he was treated as if I were mere flesh and blood and bones, to be locked up. Dr. King and Henry David Thoreau both also referred to the Bible or God in their writing. King compared the injustice of the situation in Birmingham to a similar event in the Bible. He wrote, Just as the eighth century prophets left their little villages and carried out their Thus .

Organization Control System Assessment

The company needs to have a new management control system, developed and implemented. The organization does not have clear work policies. The employment manual is incomplete and ineffective. Most employees do not know their exact duties and responsibilities. Lei noted discrepancies in the time clocking sheet of one customer associate. The associate was fraudulently paid.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organization Control System Assessment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management team is not honest and trustworthy. They are not committed to the success of the company. They did not take action against the fraudulent employee. The performance of the workers is not effectively monitored. Without a clear job descriptions, the workers lack self-direction. The company does not have a clear job description. This affects their job performance. The companies need to define their job duties and responsibilitie s. They should also pay employees according to their job performance. This can motivate them to work harder. It is evident that the company lacks effective management control systems. The senior managers have no regard for the controls set in the organization. Their appraisal of employee performance is flawed. The organization lacks effective work policies. Most employees in the organization have no work ethics. The unit manager overlooked mandatory efficient recording and documentation of work hours. Employees took advantage of the weak control system and clocked in fraudulent work hours. They accepted payment from the company which is ethically wrong. To develop an effective management control system, Lei needs to understand the work culture in the organization. The employees have a collectivism culture and hence are more concerned about the wellbeing of their collective groups rather than the company’s sucess. Lei needs to develop unit cohesiveness and team based reward an d training program for the employees. The management control systems need to be group based. The individual based controls will not work in the organization. Group based control systems will make all employees work harder to make their group succeed. With all employees working as a group, the company will have its objectives met. Collective responsibility will ensure that nobody disappoints other team members. Ethical behavior will be developed in the company. Lei should institute an accounting control system to measure group performance. The management needs to develop group incentive and reward policies to build team spirit. The employee’s portray weak avoidance tendencies. Group based accounting control system will make them work efficiently.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Seminar questions The four steps of control systems In developing a management control system, the performance standards need to be set. The system should measure the conformity to set standards. This allows the management team to determine the success or failure of the control system. The systems should be able to correct any shortcomings and reward success. The role of Six Sigma Six sigma increases the efficiency of the management system by increasing employee performance. It leads to higher profits because of lower production costs and higher levels of customer satisfaction. Internal vs. external audits Internal audits critically analyses the organization performance by assessing customer satisfaction and profits. Internal auditors detect bad practices and advice the company on better practices. This benefits the organization. Internal audits help the organization achieve its strategic objectives. External audits External audits examine the financial position of the organization. External audits give independent and unbiased financial reports of a company. Unbiased financial reports show the stability of a company. With good financial reports, a company can do business with other companies, with fear of failure. This case study on Organization Control System Assessment was written and submitted by user Lauren O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Crafting and Executing a Strategic Plan Essays

Crafting and Executing a Strategic Plan Essays Crafting and Executing a Strategic Plan Essay Crafting and Executing a Strategic Plan Essay Business Brief Competitive Strategy: Frame By Frame has evaluated the market closely analyzing the entry-level and multi-featured segments. Employing the low cost strategy in the entry-level market was established to do exactly what is intended with this approach: ? Gain a broad cross-section of the market ? Lower overall costs than the competitors ? A good basis camera ? Continuous search for ways to reduce costs ? Highlight the features that lead to low cost The keys to sustaining the low cost strategy for the entry-level segment will be a vigorous approach to finding an economical ration between prices and camera value. Paramount to sustaining the strategy will be to manage costs down every year in all areas of business (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble 2010 p. 161). Appendix A Frame by Frame will generate market share in all regions with a clear understanding that profit margin will be low. The low price leader with continued market share expansion will pay dividends in the high end multi-feature segment. Frame by Frame will complement the low price entry level camera with a well differentiated multi-featured camera. Appendix B. Profit margins over market share will allow this segment of the company to continue to thrive. A selective market which Frame by Frame intends to service will prove beneficial to the bottom line. With strong marketing and advertizing plans market share will grow in years to come leading to even stronger market share and profits. The differentiation strategy for the multi-featured camera will ? ind a narrow market niche where buyers needs and preferences are distinctively different. ? develop features, attributes and custom made products that match the tastes and requirements of niche members ? communicate how product offering does the best job of meeting the niche buyer’s expectations It will be crucial for Frame to Frame to stay committed to serving the niche better than rivals. The firm must not blur the strategic image by entering other market segmen ts or adding other products to widen market appeal (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble 2010 p. 161). Supplemental Strategies: Frame by Frame has taken a serious look at expanding the product line in the entry-level camera segment. Additional new models and styles will help to appeal to an even wider group of buyers. It will be crucial for the company to identify ways to continue to hold down costs so the offering of additional products will continue to be appealing to buyers at the entry level camera segment. Providing the options to buy the same phone in different colors or color combinations can have a significant impact on the number of potential buyers. For instance, the cell phone industry has catapulted sales of identical phones by making the phone and/or covers that favor specific sports teams, or charitable causes. This supplemental strategy may produce similar results. A second supplemental strategy incorporates the entry level camera into the phone to generate a strategic alliance between two companies that seem inseparable in today’s world of technology. Finding a new phone without a camera is nearly impossible and finding any human without a cell phone is just as unlikely. Strategic alliances take a great deal of planning to minimize the risk for both parties. Thompson, Strickland, Gamble (2009) state that the extent to which the companies benefit from entering into alliances seems to be a function of six factors: ? Picking a good partner ? Being sensitive to cultural differences ? Recognizing that the alliance must benefit both sides ? Ensuring that both parties live up to their commitments ? Structuring decision making to be swift if needed ? Managing learning and adjusting the alliance agreement to fit new circumstances. Frame by Frame must keep an open mind to the market and rival forces to remain competitive. In the business world the competitive climate drives companies to be innovative. Staying on the cutting edge of your business strategies and keeping your business head on a swivel so as to watch the competition will be the combination that will pay dividends for years to come. Foreign Markets Strategies: Frame by Frame have developed strategies that are mirror images of each other for each of the four global regions. The cost, marketing, production, pricing plans are nearly the same in all areas. Frame by Frame has found this strategy successful but may generate even higher profits and market share by varying the company’s strategic approach from country to country in response to differing local market, culture, competitive conditions, and differing buyer tastes and preferences (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble 2010 p. 215). Altering the strategy from region to region would be more beneficial in the multi-featured segment in which variations from production to marketing would be more tolerant of variations. The entry-level segment which operates on a very low margin must utilize standardized methods to manage costs and hold onto market share. Addendum: The global economy allows for a company to utilize creativity and ingenuity to craft a dynamic strategic plan that can be customized to any market or region of the world. The development of a successful plan will take a team that is focused on the market environment and the various influences to be encountered. The successful company will be able to navigate the factors and make the changes needed to meet the company goals.

Life and Travels of Ibn Battuta, World Explorer and Writer

Life and Travels of Ibn Battuta, World Explorer and Writer Ibn Battuta (1304–1368) was a scholar, theologian, adventurer, and traveler who, like Marco Polo fifty years earlier, wandered the world and wrote about it. Battuta sailed, rode camels and horses, and walked his way to 44 different modern countries, traveling an estimated 75,000 miles during a 29 year period. He journeyed from North Africa to the Middle East and Western Asia, Africa, India and Southeast Asia. Fast Facts: Ibn Battuta Name: Ibn BattutaKnown For: His travel writing, which described the 75,000-mile journey he took during his rilha.Born: February 24, 1304, Tangier, MoroccoDied: 1368 in Morocco  Education: Schooled in the Maliki tradition of Islamic lawPublished Works: A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling or The Travels (1368 Early Years Ibn Battuta (sometimes spelled Batuta, Batouta, or Battutah) was born in Tangier, Morocco on February 24, 1304. He was from a fairly well-to-do family of Islamic legal scholars descended from Berbers, an ethnic group indigenous to Morocco. A Sunni Muslim trained in the Maliki tradition of Islamic law, Ibn Battuta left his home at the age of 22 to begin his rihla, or voyage. Rihla is one of four forms of travel encouraged by Islam, the best known of which is Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. The term rihla refers to both the travel and the genre of literature that describes the journey. The purpose of rihla is to enlighten and entertain readers with detailed descriptions of pious institutions, public monuments and religious personalities of Islam. Ibn Battutas travelogue was written after he returned, and in it he stretched the conventions of the genre, including autobiography as well as some fictional elements from the adjaib or marvels traditions of Islamic literature.   The first seven years of Ibn Battutas Travels took him to Alexandria, Mecca, Medina, and Kilwa Kiswani.   Wikipedia Users Setting Off Ibn Battutas journey began from Tangier on June 14, 1325. Originally intending to make a pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, by the time he reached Alexandria in Egypt, where the lighthouse was still standing, he found himself entranced by the people and cultures of Islam.   He headed for Iraq, Western Persia, then Yemen and the Swahili coast of East Africa. By 1332 he reached Syria and Asia Minor, crossed the Black Sea and reached the territory of the Golden Horde. He visited the steppe region along the Silk Road and arrived at the oasis of Khwarizm in western central Asia.   Then he traveled through Transoxania and Afghanistan, arriving in the Indus Valley by 1335. He stayed in Delhi until 1342 and then visited Sumatra and (perhaps- the record is unclear) China before heading home. His return trip took him back through Sumatra, the Persian Gulf, Baghdad, Syria, Egypt, and Tunis. He reached Damascus in 1348, just in time for the arrival of the plague, and returned home to Tangier safe and sound in 1349. Afterwards, he made minor excursions to Granada and the Sahara, as well as to the West African kingdom of Mali. A Few Adventures Ibn Battuta was mostly interested in people. He met and talked with pearl divers and camel drivers and brigands. His traveling companions were pilgrims, merchants, and ambassadors. He visited countless courts. Ibn Battuta lived on donations from his patrons, mostly elite members of Muslim society he met along the way. But he was not just a traveler- he was an active participant, often employed as a judge (qadi), administrator, and/or ambassador during his stops. Battuta took a number of well-placed wives, generally daughters and sisters of the sultans, none of whom are named in the text.   Ibn Battuta is thought to have reached Asia.   Wikimedia Users Visiting Royalty Battuta met countless royals and elites. He was in Cairo during the reign of the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun. He visited Shiraz when it was an intellectual haven for Iranians fleeing the Mongol invasion. He stayed in the Armenian capital of Staryj Krym with his host, the governor Tuluktumur. He detoured to Constantinople to visit Andronicus III in the company of the Byzantine emperor Ozbek Khans daughter. He visited the Yuan emperor in China, and he visited Mansa Musa (r. 1307–1337) in West Africa.   He spent eight years in India as a qadi in the court of Muhammad Tughluq, the Sultan of Delhi. In 1341, Tughluq appointed him to lead a diplomatic mission to the Mongol emperor of China. The expedition was shipwrecked off the coast of India leaving him with neither employment nor resources, so he traveled around southern India, Ceylon and the Maldive islands, where he served as qadi under the local Muslim government. History of the Literary Rilha In 1536, after Ibn Battuta returned home,  the Marinid ruler of Morocco Sultan Abu Ina commissioned a young literary scholar of Andalusian origins named Ibn Juzayy (or Ibn Djuzzayy) to record Ibn Battutas experiences and observations. Over the next two years together, the men wove what would become the Book of Travels, based primarily on Ibn Battutas memories, but also interweaving descriptions from earlier writers.   The manuscript was circulated around different Islamic countries, but not much cited by Muslim scholars. It eventually came to the attention of the west by way of two adventurers of the 18th and 19th centuries, Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (1767–1811) and Johan Ludwig Burckhardt (1784–1817). They had separately purchased abridged copies during their travels throughout the Mideast. The first English language translation of those copies was published in 1829 by Samuel Lee. Five manuscripts were found by the French when they conquered Algeria in 1830. The most complete copy recovered in Algiers was made in 1776, but the oldest fragment was dated 1356. That fragment had the title Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Traveling, and is believed to have been a very early copy indeed if not an original fragment.   The complete text of the travels, with  parallel Arabic and a French translation, first appeared in four volumes between 1853–1858 by Dufrà ©mery and Sanguinetti. The full text was translated first into English by Hamilton A.R. Gibb in 1929. Several subsequent translations are available today.   Criticism of the Travelogue Ibn Battuta recounted tales of his travels throughout his voyage and when he returned home, but it was not until his association with Ibn Jazayy that the stories were committed to formal writing. Battuta took notes during the journey but admitted that he lost some of them along the way. He was accused of lying by some contemporaries, though the veracity of those claims is widely disputed. Modern critics have noted several textual discrepancies which hint at substantial borrowing from older tales.   Much of the criticism of Battutas writing is aimed at the sometimes confusing chronology and plausibility of certain parts of the itinerary. Some critics suggest he may have never reached mainland China, but did get as far as Vietnam and Cambodia. Parts of the story were borrowed from earlier writers, some attributed, others not, such as Ibn Jubary and Abu al-Baqa Khalid al-Balawi. Those borrowed parts include descriptions of Alexandria, Cairo, Medina, and Mecca. Ibn Battuta and Ibn Juzayy acknowledge Ibn Jubayr in the descriptions of Aleppo and Damascus.   He also relied on original sources, relating historical events told to him in the courts of the world, such as the capture of Delhi and the devastations of Genghis Khan. Death and Legacy After his collaboration with Ibn Jazayy ended, Ibn Batuta retired to a judicial post in a small Moroccan provincial town, where he died in 1368. Ibn Battuta has been called the greatest of all travel writers, having traveled farther than Marco Polo. In his work, he provided priceless glimpses of the various people, courts and religious monuments around the world. His travelogue has been the source of countless research projects and historical investigations. Even if some of the stories were borrowed, and some of the tales a bit too marvelous to be believed, Ibn Battutas rilha remains an enlightening and influential work of travel literature to this day. Sources Battuta, Ibn, Ibn Juzayy, and Hamilton A.R. Gibb. Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354. London: Broadway House, 1929. Print.Berman, Nina. Questions of Context: Ibn Battuta and E. W. Bovill on Africa. Research in African Literatures 34.2 (2003): 199-205. Print.Gulati, G. D. Ibn Battuta in Transoxiana. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 58 (1997): 772-78. Print.Lee, Samuel. The Travels of Ibn Batuta Translated from the Abridged Arabic Manuscript Copies. London: Oriental Translation Committee, 1829. Print.Morgan, D. O. Battuta and the Mongols. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11.1 (2001): 1-11. Print.Norris, Harry. Ibn Battuta on Muslims and Christians in the Crimean Peninsula. Iran the Caucasus 8.1 (2004): 7-14. Print.Waines, David. The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer. London: I.B. Tauris Cp, Ltd, 2010. Print.Zimonyi, Istvn. Ibn Battuta on the First Wife of Ãâ€"zbek Khan. Central Asiatic Journal 49.2 (2005): 303-09. Print.

Project and risk management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Project and risk management report - Essay Example Larson (2008 p. 58) argues that there is also the risk level due to some uncertainties regarding the objectives. With a construction company, making improvements on the road among others is a full-time responsibility due to constant wear and tear, meaning continued challenges in managing projects, while adhering to tight deadlines. Another project involves introducing a new product into the market. This paper identifies that more research is required to validate project management methods, and to clarify which areas they benefit, and how to achieve reliably those benefits. Levitt (1983 p.9) argues that globalization is the driving factor to project management due to the evolving technology that continues bringing competition in all fields. In construction, modernization brings about company closures, rising unemployment, and sometimes canceled investments. These events have a major effect on both the clients and the construction companies’ behavior. Research shows that drastic drops in demand and order shortages dramatically increase completion between companies in the construction sector. These changes increase the pressure on improving quality, and productivity, while reducing costs. In addition, globalization equally increases the need for project strategies and management that suitably and effectively manages project risk. On the other hand, new product development is a vital organisational activity because it offers considerable opportunities for the organisations (Charan et al. (2010 p. 125). However, this process involves marketing, technical, and financial risks. Similar to construction, product development faces serious competition due to globalization with different products entering the market daily. In addition, the consumer through technology can access different types of products while comparing the costs and qualities among others. It is, therefore, important for a project management system that can